Hematology

It is the branch that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to blood and blood-forming organs. 
Basically, hematological diseases consist of two different groups, benign and malignant, and if not treated appropriately, they can lead to fatal results. 

Hematologists are doctors who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of blood illnesses. Hematology is a specialization of internal medicine in Turkey, and it is gained after 6 years of medical school education, 4 years of internal medicine, and then 3 years of hematology subspecialty study.

• Anemias

Iron deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Thalassemia Sickle cell anemia Anemia of chronic disease and others

• Leukopenia
• Thrombocytopenia

mmune thrombocytopenia Microangiopathic thrombocytopenia Pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia and others

• Bleeding disorders

Congenital or acquired hemophilia von Willebrand disease Platelet dysfunction and others

• Thrombosis
• Bone marrow failure
• Aplastic anemia Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and others.
• Acute leukemia
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Myeloproliferative diseases

Chronic myeloid leukemia Polycythemia vera Essential thrombocythemia Primary myelofibrosis and others.

• Lymphoproliferative disease

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Prolymphocytic leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia etc. (Lymphoma)

• Multiple myeloma
• Waldesntröm macroglobunemia and others

Complete blood count: It shows the amount of blood cells such as leukocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets and the
amount of hemoglobin.

• Peripheral smear : Blood microscopy under investigation
• Reticulocyte count: Detection of young erythrocytes in blood                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Coombs test (antiglobulin test):

• Demonstrating the presence of antibodies against erythrocytes

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy:

• Bone examination of the marrow sample under the microscope

Paroxysmal nakturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) test:

• This test, also known as the FLAER test, shows that certain proteins on the erythrocytes are deficient
• Flowcytometry: Determines the antigenic cell type of the cells

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and au-tologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are the two types of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves giving the patient stem cells from a compatible donor. Aplastic anemia and acute leukemia are two disorders that can be treated with this sort of transplant. The patient’s own intact stem cells are employed in autologous hematopoie-tic stem cell transplantation.

Diseases like lymphoma and multiple myeloma are treated with this sort of transplant.
Patients should be continuously monitored after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and during follow-up since adverse effects can occur.